CUSTER NATIONAL CEMETERY

This week's Cemetery Traveler blog is the second in a two-part series that was guest written by my friend Teresa Lambert. Part one was entitled, “LITTLE BIGHORN BATTLEFIELD NATIONAL MONUMENT,” and can be viewed at the link at the end. Teresa’s fascination and curiosity epitomize the reasons some of us go out of our way to visit cemeteries. Enjoy! - Ed Snyder, the "Cemetery Traveler." 

CUSTER NATIONAL CEMETERY

By Teresa Straley Lambert

 
I love cemeteries! What’s more, I love NATIONAL cemeteries. Stately rows of white marble or granite. Monuments commemorating people and events. Columbaria enshrining cremains. Statues bowing to military personnel and spouses. There is something oh, so, solemn and profound about these cemeteries. And so many stories just waiting to be told.

One of many national cemeteries I visited this year on a 6000-mile trek around the U. S. in our VW camper (“Our Blue Heaven”) was the Custer National Cemetery on the grounds of the Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument.

Custer National Cemetery

Following the Battle of Little Bighorn, June 25-26, 1876, the Indians involved in the fight removed and took care of their dead in traditional ways: placing them in tipis and on scaffolds and hillsides. But George Armstrong Custer and his fallen soldiers of the 7^th Cavalry were at first buried in shallow graves near where they fell on the battlefield. Later many of these remains were taken to eastern cemeteries for burial and the rest were buried in a mass grave around a granite memorial near the top of “Last Stand Hill.”

In 1879, a national cemetery was established at this site to protect the graves of the 7^th Cavalry who fell at the Battle of Little Bighorn. Later, in 1886, President Grover Cleveland issued an executive order to set aside a larger area for “military purposes,” so that those who perished at many of the outposts and forts throughout Montana, Wyoming, and the Dakotas could be moved there.

Custer National Cemetery

Most interesting to me in this cemetery, however, were those who had “unusual” stories to tell. For example, Mrs. Julia Roach is said to have been the first woman murdered in the Montana Territory. 

First woman murdered in the Montana Territory

According to a national park service pamphlet, Mrs. Roach had the “fastest, sharpest tongue in the west.” Her seemingly mild-mannered husband, Corporal John Doyle, thought he was rid of her when he enlisted in the army under an assumed name. His wife, though, apparently followed him westward with at least one child (and perhaps other children) in tow, working as a laundrywoman at several forts along the way. At Fort C. F. Smith, about 40 miles from Little Bighorn, their final confrontation ended with Mrs. Roach remarking about her husband’s fathering skills. He then “shot her dead.” Put under house arrest, with the closest magistrate hundreds of miles away, Doyle was soon released. He deserted shortly thereafter and was never seen again. Mrs. Roach (Doyle),on the other hand, was interred with 16 others who died violent or natural deaths while at the fort, their remains eventually being moved to Custer National Cemetery.

Hayfield Memorial

Also related to Fort Smith is a monument called “Hayfield Fight.” This cenotaph drew my attention for two reasons: 1) my daughter’s married name is Hayfield, and 2) the monument looked like it had been used for target practice. Upon researching it, I discovered that in 1867, six civilians and 19 soldiers from Ft. Smith were cutting hay and were attacked by Lakota Indians. Having recently received Springfield rifles to replace their old muzzleloaders, this small faction of men was able to fend off the Lakota, suffering minimal casualties. People of the fort erected a monument as a memorial to those fighters, but when the fort was abandoned, the memorial stayed behind. It is said that Indians took potshots at it. It was moved to Custer National Cemetery, and those whose names are on the monument are buried in individual graves near it.

Margaret Littlejohn

Julia Roach is not the only laundrywoman buried in Custer Cemetery. Laundresses on Army posts were the only women to receive official recognition from the Army. Not even the wives of the officers had any official status. Laundresses were given many things in addition to the money they earned for their job: fuel, housing, medical services. But they also helped in other capacities, such as nursing the sick. One such woman, Margaret J. Littlejohn, who died at age 36 in the Dakota Territories was admired by the men there. On her headstone they even inscribed, “Laundress of Co. 1, 6^th U.S. Inft.”

Crow Scout Goes Ahead and his wife Pretty Shield

Curly, Custer Scout

Several Crow Indians served as scouts for Custer and Major Marcus Reno. Curly, Goes Ahead (and his wife Pretty Shield), White Man Runs Him, and White Swan, are buried in Section A of this cemetery.  Curly and Goes Ahead were assigned to General Custer, while White Man Runs Him and White Swan joined Major Reno’s battalion. Many historians believe that Curly watched the Battle of Little Bighorn from atop a remote ridge, eventually descending to the Little Bighorn River, where he was able to inform men on the supply steamer Far West about Custer’s loss. According to legend, Curly was viewed by the other scouts as an attention-seeker. They shunned him, and he chose to live out his life in a cabin near Crow Agency, dying in 1923. Goes Ahead also scouted for Custer, Reno, and Col. John Gibbon. He had been released by Custer and joined Reno’s command in a hilltop fight and then joined Gibbon’s column. He died in 1919 and his wife, Pretty Shield, lived to the ripe old age of 92. Both are buried here.

 

Crow scout, White Man Runs Him

Another Crow scout, White Man Runs Him, survived the valley fight as well as a battle on a hilltop with Reno’s and Benteen’s forces, later joining Gibbon’s column. He spent the rest of his life in Crow Agency, dying in 1929.

White Swan

Although he suffered wounds on his wrist and thigh (one hand was almost shot off!), White Swan was able to escape across the river and make it up the bluffs where Reno’s men were, with help from another scout, Half Yellow Face.  White Swan, who was deaf, either from a blow from a club or a rifle shot too near his ear, later communicated his thoughts and feelings about the battle through “ledger art.” His artwork now appears in many prominent galleries, including the Smithsonian. He died at Crow Agency in 1904.

Major Marcus A. Reno

During the Civil War, William Tecumseh Sherman is quoted as saying, “War is hell.” Major Marcus Reno most likely would have agreed. Second in command to Custer, Reno is often blamed for Custer’s defeat. Charged with cowardice, dereliction of duty, and disobeying orders, he was exonerated but could never escape the suspicions. His life went from bad to worse: his wife died, leaving him with a son who eventually moved far away, a second marriage ended in divorce, he was dishonorably discharged from the Army on a trumped up charge, and he died of cancer and was buried in a pauper’s grave in Washington, D.C. But owing to the efforts of descendants, the charges were dropped, Reno was given an honorable discharge, and his body exhumed and moved to Custer National Cemetery, making him the highest ranking person and the only 7^th Cavalry officer buried there.

Dr. Thomas Marquis

During the 1920s and early 1930s, Dr. Thomas Marquis (1869-1935), a physician to the northern Cheyennes, realized as he listened to stories from the old warriors who had been at the Battle of Little Bighorn that he had a wealth of information in the form of oral history. He even moved to the Indian Reservation to interview old scouts, who trusted him, and to envision what the battlefield must have been like in 1876. He wrote several books and pamphlets, some of which included photographs he had taken of the warriors. One book that he is especially known for is Wooden Leg: A Warrior Who Fought Custer.

Oxasehe Cut Belly

One Cheyenne Indian with a red granite marker in Custer Cemetery is Oxasehe Cut Belly. His headstone, like other Cheyenne stones, is engraved with, “A Cheyenne warrior fell here on June 25, 1876 while defending the Cheyenne way of life.” Other Indian markers can be seen near “Last Stand Hill,” the “Deep Ravine,” and the Reno-Benteen Entrenchment.

Although the simple, white granite markers lure me into national cemeteries, and researching the more famous or infamous to discover their stories fuels my desire to continue cemetery-hopping, coming across those stones that are just a bit different also intrigue me.

A poignant “Unknown Infant,” stone, a lamb for someone who died too young, a carving to remember a “comerade,” a band musician in the infantry, and a Medal of Honor recipient. All have stories to tell, I’m sure. And I will keep “digging” to discover those tales.

"Comerade," Band Musician, Medal of Honor Recipient: Custer National Cemetery

Read Part 1 of Teresa Lambert's odyssey:

"LITTLE BIGHORN BATTLEFIELD NATIONAL MONUMENT"

Teresa Straley Lambert, a teacher of academically gifted students for nearly thirty years, discovered upon retiring in 2011 that her hobbies of photography, travel, writing, and genealogy have turned into a second career. Last year she published The ABCs of Gravestone Symbols, an alphabet book using her photos of gravestone symbols as well as verses she wrote to help explain possible meanings to those symbols. She has also created many photo books of her travels and of cemeteries.

She is a member of the artists’ co-op “Gaslight Gallery” in Findlay, Ohio, where she displays her travel photos, greeting cards, calendars, and books with photographs from places such as England, France, Canada, Peru, and all over the United States. 

      More about Teresa Straley Lambert at the following websites:

•       lambertphotosandmore.vpweb.com
•       thegaslightgallery.org
•       fineartamerica.com (search “Teresa Lambert”)
•       abcsofgravestonesymbols.com (author/book page)
•       blurb.com (search “Dead Ends Cemetery Photos”) 
•        Dead Ends – Teresa Straley Lambert (Facebook page)

Teresa Straley Lambert

LITTLE BIGHORN BATTLEFIELD NATIONAL MONUMENT

This week's Cemetery Traveler blog was guest written by my friend Teresa Lambert. I saw some of her images on Facebook a few months ago and was intrigued. She gracefully accepted my invitation to write an account of her visit to the Little BigHorn Battlefield. Her fascination and curiosity epitomize the reasons some of us go out of our way to visit cemeteries. Enjoy! - Ed Snyder

LITTLE BIGHORN BATTLEFIELD NATIONAL MONUMENT

Teresa Straley Lambert

As a child of the ‘60s, I grew up watching TV westerns: The Rifleman, Gunsmoke, Bonanza, Maverick, The Wild, Wild West, and even an occasional F-Troop. And, as a child, it never occurred to me to think that perhaps not all of the characters or situations were portrayed as being historically correct. The “good guys” (Cowboys) all wore white hats and won all of the battles, and the “bad guys” (Indians) all wore very little and lost all the battles. Nor did I think about the “Cowboys and Indians” as a possible metaphor for what was happening during the Cold War at the time. After all, I was just a kid. But whether the shows were historically accurate or a mirror reflecting events and culture during the time they were on the air, they encouraged my life-long interest in history, especially American history. In addition, having a father and other memorable teachers who taught that subject helped, as did our summer family vacations. I swear we stopped at every historical marker in the entire country while traveling!

           
Now, as a woman in her 60s, I still like to watch an occasional western, but mostly I enjoy traveling around the country and discovering or rediscovering historical sites to see what I can learn and to see if what I learn alters what I thought I knew about the place.

              
This is what happened this year when my husband and I took several road trips in our VW camper (“Our Blue Heaven”), covering thousands of miles all over the United States. One of the many memorable places we visited was Little Bighorn Battlefield, a national park in Crow Agency, Montana, featuring not only the battlefield where Custer and over 200 of his men fell along with numerous Indians of various tribes , but also the Reno-Benteen Entrenchment Trail, the Indian Memorial (yes, that’s its name), and Custer National Cemetery.

Custer National Cemetery

We arrived at the national park early on a sunny September morning and discovered that because we are over 62 (I was actually four days shy of that age, but my husband qualified), we could get a “forever” pass for U. S. national parks for the unbelievably low sum of $10.00. The best ten bucks we ever spent!

               
Sadly, what I knew or remembered about “Custer’s Last Stand” from my history classes, I could have written on the back of a postcard. With room left to draw a picture or two.  But after exploring the Visitor Center, with its dioramas, maps, artifacts, and film, I had a better understanding of the events that took place on this wide expanse of southeastern Montana on June 25-26, 1876.

 “Last Stand Hill”

Custer’s marker

Trudging up the path to “Last Stand Hill,” I first saw gravestones surrounded by an iron fence with a large monument standing in the background. The “graveyard” holds over 40 markers signifying where George Armstrong Custer and some of his soldiers fell.  But where the soldiers’ markers are solid white, with a shield bearing the soldier’s name (if known), the 7^th Cavalry, and the date (June 25, 1876) carved on it, the shield on the one in the center, George A. Custer’s, is painted black.

Indian markers

However, none of these soldiers is actually buried here. Custer, for example, is buried at West Point, NY, at the United States Military Academy. More white markers dot the vast landscape, from Last Stand Hill to the Reno-Benteen Defense Site, about five miles away. In addition, red granite markers mark the places where men from various Indian tribes fell during the battle “while defending the [tribe] way of life.” Also, across the road from “Last Stand Hill” is a marker commemorating the 7^th Calvary horses that had been killed.

               

Indian Memorial

The walkway then led to what at first appeared to be a large, circular mound with four narrow stone openings and some kind of metal artwork behind it. Approaching one of the openings, though, I saw that steps led down into a large space honoring the Indian cultures represented at the battle. Granite slabs on the stone walls, with etched or carved photographs, drawings, documents, quotes, lists of names, and explanations, comprised the interior of the mound.

Indian Memorial

Tribes represented include Apsaalooke, Arapaho, Arikara, Cheyenne, Crow, Lakota, Oyate, and Sioux. In 1991, Congress changed the official name of this area from Custer Battlefield National Monument to Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument and ordered a memorial to the Indians to be built there. Six years later, after conducting a competition to create an Indian memorial, a design was chosen. The memorial’s primary messages are “Peace through Unity” or “Power through Unity.” 

Inside Indian Memorial

Inside Indian Memorial

Many historians believe that the Battle of Little Bighorn did not end on top of “Last Stand Hill” but in “Deep Ravine,” several hundred yards below the hill. Another pathway leads through the prairie to this ravine, with warnings not to stray because of the rattlesnakes’ habitat! Didn’t have to remind me twice! However, some visitors disregarded the sign and we can only hope that they did not cross paths with any venomous critters.

Deep Ravine

Next we returned to our VW bus and drove the five miles to the Reno-Benteen Entrenchment area. The companies of Major Marcus A. Reno and Captain Frederick W. Benteen arrived at the bluffs along the Little Bighorn River on the evening of Custer’s debacle. There they attempted to establish communication as well as a defense perimeter. The Indian warriors, now finished with Custer and his men, surrounded these soldiers and fought into the next day, threatening to break the defense perimeter.

 

Field hospital

From the trails winding around the outer borders of the entrenchment area, one can imagine the improvised field hospital in the center, designated with a red cross marker; the rifle pits and trenches, with dead horses and mules piled on them to add cover; the volunteers trying to get water from the river to the injured soldiers, who had been without it for hours; and the retreat crossing of the 7^th Cavalry, with Crazy Horse, Wooden Leg, Black Elk and hundreds of warriors in pursuit.

River

On our ride back to the Visitor Center and the Custer National Cemetery, I contemplated what I had seen and learned at the Little Bighorn Battlefield. Most impressive to me, I think, was the Indian Memorial, with the many quotes by both whites and Indians. In 1869, for instance, after the Washita Battle, and seven years before the Battle of Little Bighorn, George Armstrong Custer was quoted as saying, “I will never kill another Cheyenne.”  In reply, Cheyenne tribesman Stone Forehead said, “If you break your promise, you and your soldiers will go to dust like this.” Additionally, one hundred years later, in 1969, John Wooden Legs said, “Our Land is everything to us. . . . I will tell you one of the things we remember on our land. We remember that our grandfathers paid for it – with their lives.”

Unity through Peace

Stay tuned for Part 2 of Teresa Lambert's odyssey next week:

 "Custer NationalCemetery."

Teresa Straley Lambert, a teacher of academically gifted students for nearly thirty years, discovered upon retiring in 2011 that her hobbies of photography, travel, writing, and genealogy have turned into a second career. Last year she published The ABCs of Gravestone Symbols, an alphabet book using her photos of gravestone symbols as well as verses she wrote to help explain possible meanings to those symbols. She has also created many photo books of her travels and of cemeteries.

She is a member of the artists’ co-op “Gaslight Gallery” in Findlay, Ohio, where she displays her travel photos, greeting cards, calendars, and books with photographs from places such as England, France, Canada, Peru, and all over the United States. 

      More about Teresa Straley Lambert at the following websites:

•       lambertphotosandmore.vpweb.com

•       thegaslightgallery.org

•       fineartamerica.com (search “Teresa Lambert”)

•       abcsofgravestonesymbols.com (author/book page)

•       blurb.com (search “Dead Ends Cemetery Photos”)

•       Dead Ends – Teresa Straley Lambert (Facebook page)

Teresa Straley Lambert